
Ancient Cedar Forest (Chun T’oh Whudujut)
Photo courtesy of Dr. Darwyn Coxson

Ancient Cedar by Glen Frear
Glen Frear has been painting for over 40 years. Although self-taught, he credits his initial inspiration to his highschool teacher, Mr. Grigoruk. He most frequently paints trains, cars, and mountains, capturing his interests in a photorealistic style. He primarily uses acrylics, but has dabbled in watercolour and oil-based paints as well as graphite sketching.
Midway between McBride and Prince George, on the traditional territory of the Lheidli T’enneh, lies the Ancient Cedar Forest (Chun T’oh Whudujut). This provincial park spans 11,190 hectares of protected old-growth Interior Cedar-Hemlock forest, often referred to as an "Inland Temperate Rainforest." Unlike coastal temperate rainforests, which receive abundant rainfall, inland temperate rainforests receive about half the amount of precipitation. However, much of this precipitation falls as snow during the winter months and melts in the late spring and summer, which helps prevent wildfires and preserves pockets of ancient cedar-hemlock forests.

Photo courtesy of Dr. Darwyn Coxson
To some, the Ancient Forest may seem unassuming, a simple sign pointing to a trail and a parking lot filled with cars; a beautiful walk through nature. But to others, it represents a living testament to natural history and the crucial importance of nature conservation.

Photo courtesy of Dr. Darwyn Coxson
Conservation efforts to protect these ancient forests began in 2006 when UNBC MSc student Dave Radies conducted research using rare lichens as biodiversity indicators in the wet, old-growth Interior Cedar Hemlock and Subboreal Spruce forests around what is now designated as Ancient Forest Park. During his study, Radies selected numerous sites throughout the Robson Valley, chosen randomly by computer. One of these sites, now part of the Ancient Forest Trail near the "Radies Tree," became a focal point for conservation efforts.
Upon discovering cruising lines and flagging tape at this site, indicating that the cedar trees were soon to be logged, Radies raised concerns with local conservationists: Roy Howard (McBride), Hugh and Kathy Perkins (Dome Creek), and Rick and Julie Zammuto (Crescent Spur). These concerns eventually caught the attention of Nowell Senior, who was planning the Driscoll Ridge Trail. Upon visiting the area, Nowell was struck by the majesty of the forests and determined that he and the Caledonia Ramblers must create a trail through the area, ensuring it would be accessible for all to enjoy.
Since then, other researchers, such as PhD student and lichenologist Dr. Curtis Björk, have repeatedly emphasized the ecological significance of the forest.
Dr. David Connell described what he called a special memory. He was walking through the forest when the realization of his impact hit him, how he was apart of something much bigger than himself. Originally from Southern Ontario, professor Dr. Connell applied for a position at UNBC, relocating in 2005 to Prince George. He attended a screening of the documentary “Block 486,” which focused on the preservation of the area that is now the Ancient Cedar Forest Provincial Park. This experience lead him to want to contribute to the preservation of these old growth trees, eventually leading him to join his colleagues in conducting research and contributing to conservation efforts.
Describing it as a “blank slate” for research, Dr. Darwyn Coxson estimates that ongoing research with Curtis Bjork and Trevor Goward has found about 2,400 species of plants, lichens, and mosses in the Robson Valley. “They are finding new species every year,” he said. According to Dr. Coxson, just a few years ago, a new species of yellow monkey flower was discovered there. The cedar trees in the wet bench area of the Forest show no signs of drought, suggesting that precipitation levels, specifically snowfall, in that area have been consistently high.
The scientific evidence for the age of the old growth trees was limited at the time. When speaking with Dr. Connell, he described dendrochronology sampling of the western red cedar trees within the Ancient Forest to be quite challenging. The trees experience heart rot, a fungal disease that rots away the core of trees in areas with high precipitation. Meaning that when a sample is taken from the tree, the core has mostly rotted away, leaving little to no evidence of the age of the trees. Most biologists estimate the trees to be at least 1,000-1,500 years old, but there’s hesitancy to push that date back further.
Other methods of dating have determined that the forest itself is much older. According to Dr. Coxson, “our best evidence for when the inland rainforest community first emerged in the Robson Valley comes from sampling of lake bed sediments by Daniel Gavin at the University of Oregon. His research showed that pollen from characteristic inland rainforest tree species such as western redcedar and western hemlock first occurred in lakebed sediment cores (which can be aged year by year much like a tree ring core) in the Robson Valley about 3,000 years ago.”

Photo of Green Reindeer Lichen (Cladonia arbuscula ssp. mitis) courtesy of Dr. Darwyn Coxson
In September of 2006 with the help of funding from sponsors including the Provincial Government, UNBC, Lheidli T’enneh, and locals, a 2.5 kilometer long trail was opened allowing visitors to journey through the Forest. An accessible boardwalk was later installed. Nowell Senior had wanted to build an accessible boardwalk for those with disabilities, mobility issues, and the visually impaired, as he has worked with children who were disabled. An integral part of the initial trail building, the new installation was given the title “Nowell Senior Universal Boardwalk” in his honour. Nowell described the construction of both trails as being a challenge. The ground was very wet, and volunteer members of the construction team could not keep their footing. The original trail was very expensive, being funded mostly by donation, the wood alone was estimated to cost about $80,000. Non slip materials were used when construction the Universal Boardwalk, to make it safe for accessibility. The trail and boardwalk were constructed with conservation in mind, intentionally made in a way that did not disturb the plant life and tree root systems. It took about 4 years for construction to be completed on the trail alone. When the Universal Boardwalk was finally finished, Nowell described taking his class of children to the Forest. The joy and excitement of being able to access the trail for the first time was something Nowell looks back on fondly.

Photo of volunteer workers courtesy of Nowell Senior

Photo courtesy of Nowell Senior
​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​In 2013, Dr. Coxson brought a submission to Parks Canada for the Ancient Forest to be classed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Unfortunately, it did not make the list for consideration, but Dr. Coxson is hopeful that one day, it will be considered. In 2016, the Ancient Cedar Forest was officially named a Class A Provincial Park. Dr. Coxson, Nowell Senior, then Premiere Christy Clark, and then MLA Shirley Bond all took part in a ceremony held at UNBC. Currently, a new interpretive centre and updated trails are under construction, funded by federal and provincial government, along with the Lheidli T’enneh. Officially breaking ground on May 20th, 2025, construction has been extended to March 31st, 2027.
Dr. Connell expressed a fascination with the notion of rediscovery, that everyone who walks into the forest for the first time gets to discover the magic of the old growth. Whether it was the Indigenous peoples first discovery of the area or the modern-day tourists coming from all over the world to visit, anyone who comes into contact with the Forest discovers it for themselves and gets to experience a sense of wonder that can only be felt in nature.
Thank you to:
Dr. David Connell Professor of Ecosystem Science and Management at UNBC for providing us with valuable information about the Ancient Cedar Forest and your experience with conservation.
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Dr. Darwyn Coxson Professor of Ecosystem Science and Management at UNBC for providing us with valuable scientific insight into the ecology of the Ancient Cedar Forest, photographs, and editing.
Nowell Senior for providing us with your first-hand experience with building the Ancient Cedar Forest trails.
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David Radies for providing insight into your experience with conservation and editing.
All of your efforts have not gone unnoticed, and we greatly appreciate your contribution to the Living Stories project.
Between 2008-2019, Dr. Connell wrote a yearly bulletin in an effort to document the ecological, scientific, and socioeconomic importance of the Ancient Cedar Forest. These were valuable sources of information that were used for this project, if you would like to read the bulletin for yourself, please visit:
Examples of plant life in the Ancient Forest.
Photos courtesy of Dr. Darwyn Coxson

Smoker's Lung Lichen
Lobaria retigera

Varied Rag lichen & Lugwort Lichen
Platismatia glauca & Lobaria pulmonaria

Western Wild Ginger
Asarum caudatum

Ostrich Fern
Matteuccia struthiopteris

Chicken of the Woods Mushroom
Laetiporus sulphureus
